A journey from Istanbul to MIT, from Galatasaray High School to the Nobel rostrum. Daron Acemoğlu's institutional theory of economics, his ground-breaking ideas on why nations fail, and his critical stance on artificial intelligence.
Oedema is swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues. It can be due to many conditions — from heart, kidney and liver disease to medication side effects. In this guide, I explain the pathophysiology of oedema, its types, the diagnostic work-up and the treatment approaches.
Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth and acts as a protective reflex of the body. This guide covers the physiology of the vomiting reflex, gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal causes, dangerous complications, the distinction between bilious vomiting and hematemesis, antiemetic treatments, and other related topics.
The 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov for his pioneering work on digestive physiology. Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning laid the foundations for psychology and neurobiology.
The father of modern economics, Adam Smith was a thinker who transcended his time not only with his concept of the "invisible hand" but also with his moral philosophy, his theory of the division of labour and his ideas on the role of the state. But was Smith really a pure laissez-faire advocate?
Arguing that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon, looking for the cause of the Great Depression at the Fed, and bringing free-market ideas into popular culture, Milton Friedman is one of the most influential and controversial economists of the 20th century.
Jazz's journey from the streets to the schools. Its evolution from the earliest days to today, its globalization, and its future — under the microscope. How did jazz transform into an art form?
The birth of bebop. A musical revolution that broke free from the conventions of the swing era, born out of the jam sessions at Minton's Playhouse and the influence of World War II. Discover the harmony, rhythm, and improvisation that defined bebop.
Indigestion (dyspepsia) is a common gastroenterological complaint that presents with upper abdominal pain, burning, bloating, and early satiety, and affects 20–30% of the population. This guide covers the distinction between functional and organic dyspepsia, diagnostic approaches, and evidence-based treatment options.