A late period is one of the most common gynaecological complaints in women of reproductive age. Pregnancy is the best-known cause, but stress, hormonal disorders, PCOS, thyroid disease and lifestyle factors can also cause menstrual irregularity. This guide covers the physiology of the menstrual cycle, the causes of late or missed periods and when to consult a doctor.
Apple cider vinegar is a natural product that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries and has grown in popularity in recent years. Many benefits are claimed, from blood sugar regulation to weight management. But what does the scientific evidence say? In this guide we explore the proven benefits, potential risks, and safe-use rules for apple cider vinegar.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While smoking is the most significant risk factor, it can also occur in individuals who have never smoked. Because it usually causes no symptoms in the early stages, diagnosis is most often made at an advanced stage. In this guide we cover the types of lung cancer, its risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, screening, and treatment approaches.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD/MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease today, affecting approximately 25% of the world's population. Usually silent, if left untreated it can progress to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. This guide covers the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies of fatty liver disease.
High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and the most important preventable risk factor for serious complications such as heart attack, stroke and kidney failure. This guide covers the current classification of hypertension, its causes, target-organ damage, lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment.
Magnesium deficiency, common in modern life, can present with a wide range of symptoms — from muscle cramps and fatigue to sleep disturbance, anxiety, palpitations and even cardiac arrhythmias. This guide covers the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hypomagnesemia, food sources rich in magnesium, the differences between supplement forms, and important drug interactions.
Shortness of breath (dyspnoea) is the subjective experience of breathing being difficult or insufficient. With cardiac, pulmonary, metabolic and psychological causes, it can sometimes herald a life-threatening emergency. In this guide, I cover the physiology of dyspnoea, the acute and chronic causes, the diagnostic approach and the warning signs that should send you to the emergency department.
Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth and acts as a protective reflex of the body. This guide covers the physiology of the vomiting reflex, gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal causes, dangerous complications, the distinction between bilious vomiting and hematemesis, antiemetic treatments, and other related topics.
Sore throat is a common complaint experienced by almost everyone, particularly in the winter months. While it is most often associated with a viral infection, bacterial causes can sometimes lead to serious complications. In this guide we cover the causes of sore throat, effective home methods you can use, when antibiotics are appropriate, and red flags that should prompt a doctor visit.